| Lao | ||
|---|---|---|
| ພາສາລາວ phasa lao | ||
| Pronunciation | pʰáːsǎːláːw | |
| Spoken in | ||
| Total speakers | 5,225,552 (2006), roughly 20 million if Isan speakers are included. | |
| Language family | Kradai
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| Writing system | Lao script | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in | Laos | |
| Regulated by | none | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | lo | |
| ISO 639-2 | lao | |
| ISO 639-3 | lao | |
| Linguasphere | ||
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Lao or Laotian (BGN/PCGN: phasa lao, IPA: [pʰáːsǎːláːw]) is a tonal language of the Kradai language family. It is the official language of Laos, and also spoken in the northeast of Thailand, where it is usually referred to as the Isan language. Being the primary language of the Lao people, Lao is also an important second language for the multitude of ethnic groups in Laos and in Isan. Lao, like all languages in Laos, is written in an abugida script. Although there is no official standard, the Vientiane dialect has become the de facto standard.
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The Lao language is descended from Tai languages spoken in what is now southern China and northern Vietnam (probably by some of the various peoples referred to as Yue) in areas believed to be the homeland of the language family and where several related languages are still spoken by scattered minority groups. Due to Han Chinese expansion, Mongol invasion pressures, and a search for lands more suitable for wet-rice cultivation, the Tai peoples moved south towards India, down the Mekong River valley, and as far south as the Malay Peninsula. Oral history of the migrations is preserved in the legends of Khun Borom. Tai speakers in what is now Laos pushed out or absorbed earlier groups of Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.
| Dialect | Lao Provinces | Thai Provinces |
| Vientiane Lao | Vientiane, Vientiane Capital Prefecture, Bolikhamsai | Nong Bua Lamphu, Chaiyaphum, and parts of Nong Khai, Yasothorn, Khon Kaen, and Udon Thani. |
| Northern Lao | Luang Prabang, Sainyabuli, Oudomxay. | Loei and parts of Udon Thani and Khon Kaen.*1 |
| Northeastern Lao/Tai Phuan | Xiangkhoang and Houaphanh. | Parts of Sakon Nakhon, Udon Thani.*2 |
| Central Lao | Savannakhet and Khammouan. | Mukdahan and parts of Sakon Nakhon and Nong Khai. |
| Southern Lao | Champasak, Salavan, Sekong, and Attapeu. | Ubon Ratchathani, Amnat Charoen, and parts of Yasothorn, Buriram, Si Sa Ket, Surin and Nakhon Ratchasima*3 |
| Western Lao | *4 | Kalasin, Maha Sarakham, and Roi Et. |
In addition to the dialects of Lao, numerous closely related languages (or dialects, depending on the classification) are spoken throughout the Lao-speaking realm in Laos and Thailand, such as the Nyaw, Phu Thai, Saek, Lao Wieng, Tai Dam, Tai Daeng, etc. These Tai peoples are classified by the Lao government as Lao Loum (ລາວລຸ່ມ) or lowland Lao. Lao and Thai are also very similar and share most of their basic vocabulary, but differences in many basic words limit inter-comprehension.
The Lao language consists primarily of native Lao words. However, due to the introduction of Buddhism, Pali has contributed numerous terms, especially those relating to religion and in conversation with members of the Sangha. Due to their geographic proximity, Lao language has influenced Khmer language and Thai language and vice versa.
Formal writing has a larger amount of foreign loanwords, especially Pali/Sanskrit terms, much like Latin and Greek influence on the European languages. To make oneself more polite, using pronouns (and more formal pronouns on top of that) is employed, as well as ending statements in ແດ (dè, deː) or ເດີ (deu, dɤ). Negative statements are made more polite by ending the statement in ດອກ (dok, dɔːk). The following are formal register examples.
Many consonants in Lao make a phonemic contrast between labialized and plain versions. The complete inventory of Lao consonants is as shown in the table below:[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | |||||||
| voiceless | p | t | c | cʷ | k | kʷ | ʔ | ʔʷ | ||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tʰʷ | kʰ | kʰʷ | |||||
| Fricative | f | s | sʷ | h | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||||
| Approximant | l | lʷ | j | w | ||||||
All vowels (including diphthongs) make a phonemic length distinction. The vowels are as shown in the following table:[2]
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Diphthongs are all centering diphthongs with falling sonority:[2]
| Closer component is front |
Closer component is back unrounded |
Closer component is back rounded |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Short diphthongs | iə̯ | ɯə̯ | uə̯ |
| Long diphthongs | iːə̯ | ɯːə̯ | uːə̯ |
Lao has the six tones shown in the following table.[3] In the tone contour column, 1 stands for low pitch, 3 for medium pitch, and 5 for high pitch.
| Name | Symbol on /e/ | Tone contour |
|---|---|---|
| Rising | ě | 24 or 214 |
| High level | é | 44 |
| High falling | ê | 53 |
| Mid level | ē | 33 |
| Low level | è | 11 |
| Low falling | ḙ | 31 |
Lao syllables are of the form (C)V(C), i.e. they consist of a vowel in the syllable nucleus, optionally preceded by a single consonant in the syllable onset and optionally followed by single consonant in the syllable coda. Any consonant may appear in the onset, but the labialized consonants do not occur before rounded vowels. Only /p t k ʔ m n ŋ w j/ may appear in the coda. If the vowel in the nucleus is short, it must be followed by a consonant in the coda; /ʔ/ in the coda can be preceded only by a short vowel. Open syllables (i.e. those with no coda consonant) and syllables ending in one of the sonorants /m n ŋ w j/ take one of the six tones, syllables ending in /p t k/ take one of four tones, and syllables ending in /ʔ/ take one of only two tones.[2]
The majority of Lao words are monosyllabic, and are not inflected to reflect declension or verbal tense, making Lao an analytic language. Special particle words serve the purpose of prepositions and verb tenses in lieu of conjugations and declensions. Lao is a subject verb object (SVO) language, although the subject is often dropped. In contrast to Thai, Lao uses pronouns more frequently.
The Lao religious script is written in the Tua Tham script, based on Mon scripts[4] and still used in temples in Laos and Isan. The Lao script (Tua Lao) has roots in the Brahmic script from India.[4] Although similar to one another, the Lao alphabet is more phonetic than the Thai alphabet due to various Lao royal decrees concerning orthographic reforms, resulting in the Lao script having fewer duplicate sounds thus making the Lao script more phonetic, efficient and easy to learn. Words are spelt according to phonetic principles as opposed to etymological principles. In addition to consonants having tone classes, tone marks facilitate marking tones where they are needed. Romanisation of Lao is inconsistent, but is based on French transcriptive methods.
Numerals may be written out as words (1 vs. one), but numerical symbols are more common. Although Arabic numerals are most common, Lao numerals, from the Brahmi script are also taught and employed.
Lao is traditionally not written with spaces between words, although signs of change are multiplying. Spaces are reserved for ends of clauses or sentences. Periods are not used, and questions can be determined by question words in a sentence. Traditional punctuation marks include ໌, an obsolete mark indicating silenced consonants; ໆ, used to indicate repetition of the following word; ຯ, the Lao ellipsis that is also used to indicate omission of words; ฯ, a more or less obsolete symbol indicating shortened form of a phrase (such as royal names); and ฯລฯ, used to indicate et cetera. In more contemporary writing, punctuation marks are borrowed from French, such as exclamation point !, question mark ?, parentheses (), and «» for quotation marks, although "" is also common. Hyphens (-) and the ellipsis (...) are also commonly found in modern writing.
Experts disagree on the number and nature of tones in the various dialects of Lao. According to some, most dialects of Lao and Isan have six tones, those of Luang Prabang have five. Tones are determined as follows:
| Tones | Long vowel, or vowel plus voiced consonant | Long vowel plus unvoiced consonant | Short vowel, or short vowel plus unvoiced consonant | Mai ek (ອ່) | Mai tho (ອ້) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High consonants | rising | low falling | high | mid | low falling |
| Mid consonants | low rising | low falling | high | mid | high falling |
| Low consonants | high | high falling | mid | mid | high falling |
A silent ຫ (/h/) placed before certain consonants will produce place the other proceeding consonant in the high class. This can occur before the letters ງ /ŋ/, ຍ /ɲ/, ຢ /j/, ຣ /l/, and ງ /v/ and combined in special ligatures (considered separate letters) such as ຫຼ /l/, ໜ /n/, and ໝ /m/. In addition to ອ່ (low tone) and ອ້ (falling tone), there also exists the rare ອ໊ (high) ອ໋ (rising) tone marks.